Well before a third straight hotter-than-expected U.S. inflation report in April led markets to abandon hopes for a Fed rate cut in June, Vanguard cautioned that a prudent Fed may choose to forgo rate cuts altogether this year, given unexpected U.S. economic strength.

The euro area economy is in a different situation. Growth has tracked close to or below zero in recent quarters and inflation has moderated significantly toward the ECB’s 2% target. Currently, core inflation is 2.9% on an annual basis and we expect it to fall toward 2% by the end of the year.

What’s more, there's little evidence of further inflation downstream. Although wage growth is elevated, it represents a healthy catch-up of real incomes and is moderating gradually. Meanwhile, inflation expectations remain well anchored and corporate price-setting behavior has normalized.

In our view, the ECB will start to cut interest rates at its next monetary policy meeting in June. This would result in a divergence from the policy setting of the Fed, which we expect to keep rates on hold for the rest of the year. This has raised eyebrows in the investment community. After all, it's common for ECB policy to follow that of the Fed, often with a lag. As shown in the chart below, the ECB’s hiking and cutting cycles came slightly after the Fed’s both in the early 2000s and from 2006 through 2009.

However, in our view, this time is different. Domestic conditions in the euro area are sufficiently distinct to warrant a divergence in monetary policy. This line of thinking has been backed by key ECB policymakers, including President Christine Lagarde.

There's a recent precedent of divergence between the two central banks: Toward the end of the last decade, the ECB cut rates slightly and expanded quantitative easing while the Fed embarked on a rate-hiking cycle. The ECB was justified then because domestic conditions were different. It won't be afraid to front-run the Fed this time either.

That said, what comes after June is highly uncertain. This is because the greater the policy divergence priced in by financial markets, the less divergent policy is likely to be.

This negative feedback loop is driven by foreign-exchange markets. A growing policy rate differential between the U.S. and Europe would exert downward pressure on the euro relative to the U.S. dollar. This in turn would generate additional inflationary pressure in the euro area further down the road, making the ECB more cautious about cutting interest rates quickly.

Another risk to the ECB outlook is the recent rise in energy prices amid conflict in the Middle East. Brent crude oil is up nearly 15% since the start of the year and stands above $88 per barrel. According to our calculations, if Brent crude rises to more than $100 per barrel and stays there for at least two quarters, it would be enough to justify the ECB materially slowing the pace of monetary easing.

A weakening euro has implications for globally diversified investment portfolios. For U.S.-based investors, it suggests lower returns from euro area equities, as revenues buy fewer dollars. (Vanguard recommends currency-hedging international bond investments, mitigating concerns about currency fluctuations.) For investors in the euro area, a weaker euro suggests the opposite: stronger returns from dollar-denominated equities.

But markets can turn quickly, and our caveats against trying to time the markets apply equally to currency exchange rates. Long-term investors are well served by choosing an asset allocation that suits their financial goals and risk tolerances. 

• Our investment and economic outlook (article, issued April 2024)
• Why the U.S. dollar remains a reserve currency leader (article, issued April 2024)
• Why the Fed might choose to forgo rate cuts (article linking to Barron’s commentary, issued March 2024)