First, although European natural-gas prices have fallen dramatically from their summer 2022 peak, they are still considerably higher than historical norms. The chart below shows that benchmark spot natural-gas prices remain 250% above their pre-Covid-19 averages. The hit to household disposable incomes and industrial competitiveness remains substantial.

We are also unlikely to see energy prices return to pre-Covid levels anytime soon, given tighter environmental regulations and the higher marginal cost of energy imports outside of Russia.

Second, despite recent data suggesting European industry is faring better than expected, a sectoral analysis reveals some underlying weaknesses.

The chart below shows the percentage change in manufacturing production over the last year across different sectors in Germany, Europe’s biggest economy. It highlights the degree to which European industrial output has been dragged higher by a rebound in the production of cars, electronics (especially semiconductors), and machinery as the severe disruption to global supply chains caused by the Covid pandemic faded. Most energy-intensive sectors, though, including chemicals, metals, and wood and paper have suffered significant falls in production.

In our central scenario, we expect the boost to manufacturing from the normalization of global supply chains to diminish by the second half of 2023. Therefore, if the weakness currently observed in energy-intensive sectors persists, there is a significant risk that the euro area will experience a contraction in industrial output. This could be the catalyst for a broader economic recession. 

Finally, another energy supply shock—perhaps caused by further escalation of tensions in Ukraine—cannot be ruled out. This is particularly pertinent, as Europe’s capacity to absorb another energy shock is limited.

A recent and highly regarded business survey¹, for example, suggested more than half of German businesses might be forced to cut back or halt production to achieve additional natural-gas savings, potentially weighing on jobs and economic growth.

In short, the energy crisis in Europe is far from over and the region’s economic prospects remain under a cloud.

We expect the euro area to be in recession in 2023 as the region’s economy contends with the lingering headwinds from the war and rising interest rates. That said, given the recent fall in natural-gas prices, better-than-expected activity data, and China’s reopening, we now call for a milder contraction in output.

As we outlined in the Vanguard Economic and Market Outlook for 2023, we also expect inflation to remain above target and monetary policy rates in restrictive territory until 2024 at the earliest.

• Vanguard economic and market outlook for 2023: Beating back inflation (PDF, issued December 2022)
• 2023 economy and markets: 4 things to know (article, issued December 2022)
• Europe’s energy woes could spill over to the global economy (article, issued August 2022)